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Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification

Received: 24 January 2024     Accepted: 2 February 2024     Published: 21 February 2024
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Abstract

A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm3 for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm3 for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm3 for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm2/s, 2.52 mm2/s and 1.85 mm2/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.

Published in Modern Chemistry (Volume 12, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
Page(s) 1-5
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Charcoal Sample, Chromium Oxide, Activated Charcoal, Trans-esterification, Biodiesel

References
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[2] Martini N, Shell JS, editors. Plant oils as fuels – present state of science and future development. Berlin: Springer; 1998. p. 276.
[3] Harrington KJ. Chemical and physical properties of vegetable oil esters and their effect on diesel fuel performance. Biomass 1986; 9: 1–17.
[4] Ghiaci, M.; Aghabarari, B. and Gil, A. (2011). Production of biodiesel by esterification of natural fatty acids over modified organoclay catalysts. Fuel, 90, 3382–3389.
[5] Kim, Y., Lee, J. & Ahn, J. (2019). Innovation towards sustainable technologies: A sociotechnical perspective on accelerating transition to aviation biofuel. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 145, 317-329.
[6] Knothe, G. (2002). Analyzing Biodiesel: Standards and other Methods. Journal of the American Oil Chemist’s Society, 83(10), 823–833b.
[7] Aghan, D. (2005). Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non catalytic supercritical methanol transestarification methods. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31(5-6), 466-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.09.001
[8] Cunha, J. A., Pereira, M. M., Valente, L. M., De la Piscina, P. R., Homs, N. & Santos, M. R. L. (2011). Wastebiomass to liquids: Low temperature conversion of sugarcane bagasse to bio-oil, the effect of combined hydrolysis treatments. Biomass and bioenergy, 35, 2106-2116.
[9] Chandrashekhar, G., 2007. Bio-diesel demand to propel grain, oil prices higher. Business Daily from the Hindu Publications. Chinyere, I., Iwuoha, Collins N.
[10] Harabi, M., Bouguerra, S. N., Marrakchi, F., Chrysikou, L. P., Bezergianni, S. & Bouaziz, M. (2019). Biodiesel and crude glycerol fromwaste frying oil: production, characterization and evaluation of biodiesel oxidative stability with diesel blends. Sustainability, 11, 1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071937
[11] Ojolo, S. J., Adelaja. A. O. & Sobamowo, G. M. (2012). Production of bio-diesel from palm kernel oil and groundnut oil. Advanced Materials Research. 367, 501-506.
[12] Leung. D. Y. C & Guo, Y. (2006). Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: optimization for biodiesel production. Fuel processing technology, 87(10), 883-890.
[13] Fogler, H. S. (2006) Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. 4th Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey. Bello EI, Agge M. 2012. Biodiesel Production from Ground Nut Oil. (JETEAS) 3(2): 276-280.
[14] Bello EI, Agge M. 2012. Biodiesel Production from Ground Nut Oil. (JETEAS) 3(2): 276-280.
[15] G. Knothe, S. C. Cermak and R. L. Evangelista, Cuphea Oil as Source of Biodiesel with Improved Fuel Properties Caused by High Content of Methyl Decanoate, Energy Fuels, 2009, 23, 1743–1747.
[16] Jimoh A., Abdulkareem A. S., Afolabi A. S., Odigure J. O. and Odili U. C. (2012). Production and Characterization of Biofuel from Refined Groundnut Oil Intech Open online access book publishers. 198-220.
[17] Bello EI, Otu F. 2012. Effects of Blending on the Properties of Biodiesels. JETEAS 3(3): 538-545 Ca.
[18] Phankosol, S., Sudaprasert, K., Lilitchan, S., Aryusuk, K. & Krisnangkura, L. (2014). Estimation of density of biodiesel. Energy Fuels, 28, 7, 4633–4641. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501031z
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  • APA Style

    Bello, A., Galadima, A. (2024). Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Modern Chemistry, 12(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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    ACS Style

    Bello, A.; Galadima, A. Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Mod. Chem. 2024, 12(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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    AMA Style

    Bello A, Galadima A. Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Mod Chem. 2024;12(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11,
      author = {Abdurrahman Bello and Ahmad Galadima},
      title = {Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification},
      journal = {Modern Chemistry},
      volume = {12},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-5},
      doi = {10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.mc.20241201.11},
      abstract = {A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm3 for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm3 for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm3 for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm2/s, 2.52 mm2/s and 1.85 mm2/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.
    },
     year = {2024}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification
    AU  - Abdurrahman Bello
    AU  - Ahmad Galadima
    Y1  - 2024/02/21
    PY  - 2024
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
    T2  - Modern Chemistry
    JF  - Modern Chemistry
    JO  - Modern Chemistry
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 5
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2329-180X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
    AB  - A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm3 for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm3 for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm3 for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm2/s, 2.52 mm2/s and 1.85 mm2/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.
    
    VL  - 12
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Chemistry, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria

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